Hca/250 Motivation and Organizational Culture

Motivation and Organizational Culture HCA/250 Amy Carson University of Phoenix 4/2/13 Ayame Nakamura is a Japanese immigrant who is employed by a drug organization in California. The company’s administration is confrontational and interferes with Ayames ethnic background and also challenges her cultural background. This paper will discuss workplace motivation techniques, the influence of organizational culture and the role of management in workplace psychology. Workplace motivation techniques: Administration plays a significant role in psychology at the work place.Some of the major duties they are responsible for are setting standards for good work etiquette while maintaining quality and quantity for their goods and services. Management may need to take on many different roles to achieve these responsibilities. For example; the role of a firefighter to extinguish tempers of customers and coworkers, the role of a police officer to settle disputes and maintain discipline or orde r, or as a friend to encourage trust and honor among the company. Whatever problem that may arise, administration needs to have the ability to cope and solve them in a quick and proficient manner.The atmosphere must have a secure, impartial and equality feeling for both the workers and management in the workplace. Security is not just a physical feeling of being safe in the office but also assurance of their mental state regarding job stability, fair treatment, mental and physical comfort without harassment, favoritism or unfair judgments. Administration should be comprised of leaders, individuals who positively impact other people while not abusing the administrative powers. Management has 5 key elements that incorporate self-awareness, inspiration, societal skills, sympathy as well as self-administration.Anyone in an administrative role must be regarded as reliable, honest, skilled, persistent, open to suggestion, and dedicated in the eyes of their workers. Build a foundation, If an employee knows nothing about a company’s history than there is no feeling of investment which in turn keeps that employee un interested in the company’s future. When creating an atmosphere, a happy company is a productive company. Employees look for advancement within their company. Without the ability to develop growth in a career, most employees feel trapped in a dead end job.Take consideration of current skills and future goals of employees to decide what may become of them down the road. Improving your professional training programs and educational development for employees will instill a feeling of investment in their future and your company’s which will translate into improved job performance. It is important not to forget the fun, give unexpected diversions like a free pizza lunch, an early leave day or anything that will show your appreciation in an unplanned way. Acknowledging contribution of employees can make a huge morale boost especially if recog nized in front of their coworkers.Offering incentives to perform well will give motivation and competition to employees. Put your money where your mouth is by honoring all promises that you make to an employee. Failure to pay up may lose not only the trust of that employee, but of all who hear their story. Career coaching is a good way to provide employees with the ability to reach the next professional level. Bring in professionals that offer personal counseling for life’s dilemmas whether personal or professional because both can affect the work environment. And finally, match a person tasks to their talents or they will be unconfident or more prone to failure.Influence of organizational culture No matter how different or similar one culture to another is, the other culture will seem abnormal because it is a system of informal rules that govern the behavior of that society. Cultural organization is unique and configures their norms, beliefs, values, and behavioral character istics into the individual and groups that unite to get things accomplished. Patterns begin to evolve and become a rule of basic assumption; whether it is a new idea, one recently discovered or under development by a certain group as they learn to cope with internal integration and external adaptation problems.Cultural characteristics are hard to define because culture is multi-dimensional with integrated components that intertwine at different levels and ever-changing which takes time to establish and therefore time to change it also. Culture becomes the fabric or social glue that unites its participants, this will counteract any processes that are different becomes an unavoidable side-effect of life in an organization. Mutual understandings and a shared system of meanings becomes the basis of communication in a cultural organization.Functions of a society need to be fulfilled with a certain amount of satisfaction or culture can impede the efficiency of that organization. Problems with this concept arise when trying to categorize culture or when, why, or how corporate culture should be changed or finding the best, healthiest or most desirable one. References: Arthur unknown 1999-2013 retrieved on 4/3/2013 from: http://www. allbusiness. com/motivate-your-employees/16567613-11. html#gsc. tab=0 Armstrong, Michael 2009 retrieved on 4/3/2013 from: http://av4kc7fg4g. earch. serialssolutions. com. ezproxy. apollolibrary. com/? ctx_ver=Z39. 88-2004&ctx_enc=info%3Aofi%2Fenc%3AUTF-8&rfr_id=info:sid/summon. serialssolutions. com&rft_val_fmt=info:ofi/fmt:kev:mtx:book&rft. genre=book%20item&rft. title=Armstrong%27s+Handbook+of+Human+Resource+Management+Practice&rft. au=Armstrong%2C+Michael&rft. atitle=Organizational+Culture&rft. date=2011-01-01&rft. pub=Kogan+Page+Ltd&rft. isbn=9780749452421&rft. spage=383&rft. epage=399&rft. externalDocID=1718700036

Compare the Ways

To highlight this attention has to be given to the story and roots of youth work in England. One of the first types of youth work provision was the early network of Sunday Schools founded by Robert Raises and Hannah Moore in 1780. Their idea was to morally educate the children and young people of the working classes because at this time less than a third of children of school age actually attended school; hence the young population, especially females, were uneducated (Smith, Bibb).However the working class attempted to create bottom-up forms of education themselves with the formation of the Young Man's Christian Association in 1844 by George Williams. Within the association were the early characteristics of a youth work approach and an emphasis on healthy spiritual well-being especially for city dwelling young males (Smith, AAA; Smith, Bibb).This reflects the morally upright and patriarchal Victorian views of the time along with the recognition of youth as a discipline in its own ri ght (Staunton Rogers, 2004). By the mid nineteenth century the struggles of the working class had been all but lost with the influx of top-down institutions which were mainly church led. Toward the end of the century young sections of the population were identified as needing activities to engage in to improve their leisure time and to maintain social control.It was widely accepted that this leadership would be undertaken by a range of philanthropic institutions and state run establishments. One of the most significant youth organizations of this period was the Scouting movement started by Robert Baden-Powell. To accentuate the importance of state social control and the Liberalism's political agenda school attendance became compulsory up to the age of ten with the introduction of the 1880 and 1902 Education Acts (Smith, AAA).It was also around this time and Britain's early globalization and the changing social and economic conditions that prompted the Politician's and educated membe rs of society to develop country wide youth practice as observers believed that the youth of English nation were experience new and harsh encounters and a lot of this was to do with the newly constructed phase of adolescence, this new breed of child needed discipline , protection and some nurturing(Davies,1967).As Russell and Rugby commented â€Å"some of the challenges were domestic. As the demand for unskilled especially child) labor reduced more and more young people were neither in school nor work† they felt that the young adolescence leisure time was not being fulfilled and the young â€Å"indulge in ‘one main amusement gambling (Russell & Rugby, 1908: 10-11). D The youth of the country were seen as being tested, too, within a new international context who should, who could, take on these emerging responsibilities?Pragmatic and often major compromises with the laissez-fairer principles which had so shaped Victorian Britain had already been made – in order f or example to errant public health and spread elementary education to the whole population. Nonetheless, in this later nineteenth century period and even into the early decades of the twentieth century the state remained, at best, an unwelcome intruder into the personal and social spheres of people's lives. For responding to the newly identified leisure-time needs of young people, a state role was therefore never apparently considered.Self-evidently, these were suitable fields for voluntarily supported clubs' (Berry, 1919: 96) – a task for thinking people who felt something must be done†¦ (Russell and Rugby, 1908: 12); for those who were conscious of what their ‘happier fortune has bestowed on us from our circumstances' (Button, 1985: 14); who were fortunately placed' and therefore felt very strongly that in some way (action) was incumbent on us' (Chill, 1935: 5). By the early decades of the twentieth century the result was a network of local independent boys and g irls clubs across the I-J.From the sass, under the influence of William Smith, military-style brigades for boys and girls also took hold and by the sass were being supplemented and indeed often underpinned by Baden Bowel's Boy Scouts and later the Girl Guides. In due course these sought mutually supportive links by setting up a range of local, regional and national associations and federations. The Boer War highlighted the need for a fitter, healthier generation of young men and this was supported by social research (Staunton Rogers, 2004).In response to these findings the Children Act 1908 was introduced to establish a Juvenile Justice system, specific medical treatment and free school meals specifically for minors. However, despite young people during this period beginning to be recognized in heir own right there was an ulterior political and philanthropic agenda to enforce social control and Christian morals for both girls and boys (Staunton Rogers, 2004). Nevertheless society be gan to change during World War One as young men were conscripted into the horrors of war and returned transformed.Whereas women were no longer perceived as, â€Å"delicate maidens of Victorian sensibilities† but instead began to be recognized as capable individuals with their own identities (Staunton Rogers, 2004: 4). Subsequently it was recognized that state intervention was needed ND powers and funding were given to local authorities to invest in Juvenile Organizing Committees (Smith, AAA). Up until this point it was still normal to talk about work with or among boys and girls (or young men and women or youth).In the late sass we see the growing use of the term ‘youth work'. The first booklet in the UK appeared with it in its title: Methods in Youth Work (Walked et al 1931). Bibliography Davies, B. And Gibson, A. (1967). The social education of the adolescent, London: University of London Press. IPPP. Laudable, J. (1989) ‘Children in history: concepts of nature and society In: Scarce, G. Deed) Children, Parents and Politics. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. IPPP-20. Russell, C. E. B. And Rugby, L. M. 1908, Working Lads Clubs, London, MacMillan and Co Ltd. Smith, M. K. (AAA) Youth Work an Introduction. Http://www. Infer. Org/youth's/b-WY. HTML [accessed 08. 11. 12]. Smith, M. K. (Bibb) ‘Hannah More: Sunday schools, education and youth work' The Encyclopedia of Informal Education. Http://www. Infer. Org/thinkers/more. HTML [accessed 9. 11. 12]. Poverty was abundant and with the start of the industrial revolution it was inevitable that children were used as cheap labor (Laudable,1989. Smith, 2002).

AIDS and YOU (May 1987) Essays - Free Essays, Term Papers

AIDS and YOU (May 1987) By Martin H. Goodman MD (this essay is in the public domain) Introduction: AIDS is a life and death issue. To have the AIDS disease is at present a sentence of slow but inevitable death. I've already lost one friend to AIDS. I may soon lose others. My own sexual behavior and that of many of my friends has been profoundly altered by it. In my part of the country, one man in 10 may already be carrying the AIDS virus. While the figures may currently be less in much of the rest of the country, this is changing rapidly. There currently is neither a cure, nor even an effective treatment, and no vaccine either. But there are things that have been PROVEN immensely effective in slowing the spread of this hideously lethal disease. In this essay I hope to present this information. History and Overview: AIDS stands for Acquired Immune Defficiency Disease. It is caused by a virus. The disease originated somewhere in Africa about 20 years ago. There it first appeared as a mysterious ailment afflicting primarily heterosexuals of both sexes. It probably was spread especially fast by primarily female prostitutes there. AIDS has already become a crisis of STAGGERING proportions in parts of Africa. In Zaire, it is estimated that over twenty percent of the adults currently carry the virus. That figure is increasing. And what occurred there will, if no cure is found, most likely occur here among heterosexual folks. AIDS was first seen as a disease of gay males in this country. This was a result of the fact that gay males in this culture in the days before AIDS had an average of 200 to 400 new sexual contacts per year. This figure was much higher than common practice among heterosexual (straight) men or women. In addition, it turned out that rectal sex was a particularly effective way to transmit the disease, and rectal sex is a common practice among gay males. For these reasons, the disease spread in the gay male population of this country immensely more quickly than in other populations. It became to be thought of as a "gay disease". Because the disease is spread primarily by exposure of ones blood to infected blood or semen, I.V. drug addicts who shared needles also soon were identified as an affected group. As the AIDS epidemic began to affect increasingly large fractions of those two populations (gay males and IV drug abusers), many of the rest of this society looked on smugly, for both populations tended to be despised by the "mainstream" of society here. But AIDS is also spread by heterosexual sex. In addition, it is spread by blood transfusions. New born babies can acquire the disease from infected mothers during pregnancy. Gradually more and more "mainstream" folks got the disease. Most recently, a member of congress died of the disease. Finally, even the national news media began to join in the task of educating the public to the notion that AIDS can affect everyone. Basic medical research began to provide a few bits of information, and some help. The virus causing the disease was isolated and identified. The AIDS virus turned out to be a very unusual sort of virus. Its genetic material was not DNA, but RNA. When it infected human cells, it had its RNA direct the synthesis of viral DNA. While RNA viruses are not that uncommon, very few RNA viruses reproduce by setting up the flow of information from RNA to DNA. Such reverse or "retro" flow of information does not occur at all in any DNA virus or any other living things. Hence, the virus was said to belong to the rare group of virues called "Retro Viruses". Research provided the means to test donated blood for the presence of the antibodies to the virus, astronomically reducing the chance of ones getting AIDS from a blood transfusion. This was one of the first real breakthroughs. The same discoveries that allowed us to make our blood bank blood supply far safer also allowed us to be able to tell (in most cases) whether one has been exposed to the AIDS virus using a

UK Luxury Fashion Online Retailer Net-A-Porter Coursework

UK Luxury Fashion Online Retailer Net-A-Porter - Coursework Example From this paper it is clear that Net-a-Porter is a luxury fashion retailer that provides products and services to customers online. The main USP of the company’s website is that it is designed like a magazine. Presently the company has many brands popular that it retails including  Yves Saint Laurent,  Diane von Furstenberg and Stella McCartney.  Although the economy of UK and US is experiencing a general slowdown after the global financial crisis, the company shows no signs of holding up operations. It has recently launched a beauty products segment, a new publishing business, and planned logistics expansions in the Asia-Pacific regions. The company also  added a dedicated sportswear section to their website.This discussion highlights that the company presently operates in three offices located in two countries, US and UK. It is headquartered in London and it has distribution centres in US. The business model of Net-a-Porter is e-commerce based and hence it provides 2 4/7 services to customers. It has 2600 employees and it is also planning to expand full-scale operations in emerging economies such as China where the demand is very strong. The main products of the company may be classified into major segments, apparels and accessories. Different types of luxury clothes are offered by the company including beachwear, coats, bridal, Denim, gowns, jumpsuits, shirts, sportswear, premium suits, jeans and jackets. The accessories include products like belts, gloves, jewellery, hats, shoes, etc.      

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Discussion question - Research Paper Example It was crucial to keep the test cognizant of the emerging challenges. The other common issue is that many people are championing for the inclusion of nursing ethics as a compulsory subject and not elective one. Maintaining certification is an important process that a client or practitioner can only address by following the stipulated law. Failure means that a nurse will lose his practice certificate. However, one has to question the need to seat for continuous tests if experience matters. Updating of the online test empowers nurses to understand emerging issues in the society with respect to their roles. Consequently, they can make appropriate choices. The issue of inclusion of nursing ethics as a compulsory subject can be solved by implementation of state laws that would require students to register for nursing ethics as a compulsory course (Finkelman & Kenner, 2013). My nursing philosophy is dependent on continuous education while being sensitive to the surrounding environment. Consequently, I appreciate the need to maintain certification and updated tests. In addition, nursing ethics is a cornerstone of moral

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Aid for trade (2) - Coursework Example As part of its mandate, WTO formulated aids for trade to assist developing countries establish trade infrastructure and capacity necessary to capture trade opening benefits (Lombaerde & Puri, 2013, p. 570). Aid for trade offers concessional loans and grants to developing countries for trade related programs and projects targeted to benefit the international trade. Application of international standards is because of its significance and  key component to implementation and process of operation. International standards provide scalability of services on offer as well as ensuring desirable interaction between every participant involved in international chain of supply (Trebilcock et al., 2013, p. 47). The legal framework of every country involved in international trade is key to success of international business. However, there are various differences between legal frameworks of each country. A country’s laws serve to regulate business practices, define policies, obligations and rights involved. The government of a particular nation is the defining framework of within which businesses operate. Most businesses have contract that regulates transactions. Similarly, contract law is responsible for governing contract enforcement. A strong legal system exists across the borders to protect businesses against theft, blackmail, threats, smuggling, and piracy. In addition, a legal framework prevents government bureaucrats from seeking favor or taking part in corruption activities, as well as the violation by local authorities. When two countries have trade engagements, each of the countries enjoy gains that arise from varying domestic exchange ratios. The difference in the production cost of goods and services in each country creates exchange ratios that favor each side involved. International trade also enables both national consumers and producers to benefit from an

Foensic Accounting Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Foensic Accounting - Assignment Example Practicing sales of the company’s merchandise during off-hours can also result in â€Å"off-book† frauds. Ways to prevent this include: surveillance of the employees at all point-of-sales; investigating of gaps in the transaction sequence or the pre-numbered receipts; and encouraging customers to ask for receipts for any purchases made so as to make employees ring up sales. Case management software refers to an immensely powerful tool used by investigators to conduct timely, effective and efficient investigations in an organization. It can be used to investigate issues such as workers’ compensation cases, customer cases, fraud and insurance claims among others (Silverstone & Sheetz, 2007). It works in a variety of forms including alerts to the mangers or investigators when a new case is entered, capturing of new referrals by employees when they notice any form of fraud but, anonymously, and identifying of repeat offenders of misconduct in an organization. Mostly, this software is used in internal investigations and risk management in a

Globalization and Technology Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Globalization and Technology - Essay Example When all things are considered, the relationship between globalization and technology is very strong. Technology supports globalization because of what it allows businesses and individuals to do now that they could not do before. As one author notes, there is "widespread agreement that information technology (defined to include telecommunications, computer hardware and software and access to the Internet) serves to promote globalization and that this influence is transmitted through a wide variety of different mechanisms" (James 507). When one considers the day-to-day effects of new technology, it is not difficult to understand this point. For example, before the Internet and email, international communication was by telephone or regular postal delivery. Before integrated software was developed, businesses had no way of efficiently working with one another across international lines. The pure speed at which businesses can operate together has been increased dramatically, making business markets more efficient. Economic globalization puts national economies into the same markets as o ther countries and, as the markets become more "interconnected," these national economies become "increasingly interdependent" (Lupel 156). Most people see globalization and this relationship between countries as a good thing. ... .[or] a group of software experts from Bulgaria can communicate about technical matters with their counterparts in the United States and understand them perfectly well...it is a miracle [that] does not even begin to describe how fast we have advanced and how far we have come in terms of technology and globalization" (Samli 2). For sure, these abilities have been made possible by new technologies, and the advance of technology still to come will only increase this concept. Some people do not think that technology has driven globalization, but that it has followed it. In other words, it isn't because of technology that we have globalization; it is because of globalization that we use the technology. One author says it like this: "...in spite of the enthusiasm for science that accompanied each wave of globalization, as a historical rule it was primarily commerce and finance that drove globalization, not science or technology" (Pettis 52). I don't think that this position makes that much difference in how the two things work together. Whether technology causes globalization or globalization makes technology improve is not that important; the point is that technology is a very important part of globalization and plays a strong role in supporting its growth and efficiency. The relationship between globalization and technology is very strong. Technology supports the process because it helps individuals, companies, and entire national economies work together to become more efficient. There is also a social aspect because different cultures are being exposed to one another, which promotes more business and understanding. Whether the technology comes in the form of telecommunication, new computer software, or just an Internet chat room, the world is

Effect of Electronic Media on Children Essay Example for Free

Effect of Electronic Media on Children Essay The media has demonstrated otentially profound effects, both positive and negative, on childrens cognitive, social, and behavioral development. Considering the increasing exposure of children to newer forms of media, we decided to review the current literature on the effects of media on child health both in the Western countries and India. It is widely accepted that media has profound influence on child health, including violence, obesity, tobacco and alcohol use, and risky sexual behaviors. Simultaneously, media may have some positive effects on child health. We need to find ways to optimize the role of edia in our society, taking advantage of their positive attributes and minimizing their negative ones. We need to understand better how to reverse the negative impact of media and make it more positive. Key words: Media, Child, India. ne of the notable changes in our social environment in the 21st century has been the saturation of our culture and daily lives by the mass media.

Adaptation Evaluation Essay Example for Free

Adaptation Evaluation Essay Tom Bombadil: Add sense of mysteriousness. Boromirs confession: Proud, arrogant warrior The Spirit of LOTR: Was it kept? Improvements. A new power has arisen. All must unite or fall divided. This is the story of the Lord of the Rings. The ring of power, forged in secret by the dark Lord Sauron contained all of the might, malice and power of the Dark Lord. Its wearer would be invisible and almost invincible, but it would corrupt the heart of anyone who wore it. Lord of the Rings is a typical good vs. evil story. This time, however, good is losing badly. The Dark Lords forces will soon overcome all of Middle Earth, but there is one glint of hope for the forces of Good. Because the Dark Lord Sauron made the ring of power, his life is bound to it. If Good can prevent defeat for long enough so that the ring can be destroyed, Sauron shall be overcome. However, the ring of power can only be destroyed where it was made deep in Saurons realm. This means that hope is in speed and secrecy, not force. A fellowship of the ring is formed and the quest is begun. The Lord of The Rings: The Fellowship of the ring is the first part of the trilogy, which shows how the fellowship evades the servants of the Dark Lord and how the fellowship eventually breaks. A mighty warrior, Boromir is a member of the fellowship. He is lured by the temptation of power and tries to steal the ring. He does not fully understand that the ring corrupts any wearer. He is then asked by other members of the fellowship as to whether he has done anything, but he refuses doing anything wrong due to his arrogance. In the film, the plot is changed so that Boromir does try to take the ring, but he confesses everything. This was a major change as Boromir is meant to be a proud and arrogant human the author J. R. R. Tolkien always shows most humans as easily corrupted. A large omission was Tom Bombadil. He was a father of the forest type man who has powers of song and looks after the ring bearer. Tolkien added him to add a sense of mysteriousness to Lord of the Rings nobody knew who he was or where he came from. This was missed out in the film. Characters like him really did help the spirit of Lord of the Rings. Form one point of view; the film did not keep the spirit of Lord of the Rings at all. Parts were missed out and some of the film seemed like a traditional Good vs. Bad film the beauty of Tolkien was that he took well known types of book and added a slight change, but meant that the whole plot would be different. For example, in the Hobbit, Bilbo Baggins goes on a quest to retrieve dwarven treasure. However, he does not want to go and as a result ends up doing a better job of getting the treasure than if he had wanted the treasure. This is the reason why keeping the spirit of Lord of the Rings is so important, Lord of the Rings is unique. However, the film of Lord of the Rings has kept a large part of the spirit. It swings my emotions better than the book did and each character looked almost exactly as I imagined them to be. Because films need a great plot to be good, the director (Peter Jackson) has taken the good parts and made them great he has really concentrated on the right parts. The film however was a bit too different from the book at times and too close at others. For example, there is an Im dead, oh no Im not scene part which was fine in the book, but should have been changed in the film. Another change that should have taken place was the fact that elves are shown as a dying any fading race in the Lord of the Rings film. In the book, elves couldnt die and the elves simply were leaving the land, not dying out. This was probably shown to make humans seem better. In conclusion, the Lord of the Rings film made great use of an excellent plot and unusual story. I think that the film was very good, but there was a small amount of room for improvement.

Myringotomy And Bilateral Ear Grommets Insertion General Anaesthesia Nursing Essay

Myringotomy And Bilateral Ear Grommets Insertion General Anaesthesia Nursing Essay I am a student anaesthetic practitioner with a clinical placement in an acute hospital. I will be reflecting on my personal experience with a 20 year old patient who underwent a Myringotomy and Bilateral Ear Grommets Insertion procedure wherein a local anaesthetic was used and had failed, and prompting the case to be done under general anaesthesia. The operation was deemed necessary by the consultant as the patient was diagnosed with recurrent Otitis Media with Effusion (OME), see Appendix A [on page 23], because it will eventually help to correct his hearing loss and prevent further deterioration as stated by Woolfson and McCafferty 1993. Following the NMC Code of Conduct (2008) on Confidentiality of patients information, I will refer to patient as Mr. B. I will be using the Gibbs Reflective Cycle which is shown in Appendix B as the framework of my reflection Jasper (2003). It will highlight how researching further led to a better understanding of surgery and anaesthetics and to know how to respond if the same situation happens again. Mr. B. had been admitted in the ward at noontime of the surgery. He was seen by the anaesthetist to carry out a preoperative assessment. According to the anaesthetist, he is generally fit for surgery and does not pose as an anaesthetic risk. The anaesthetist discussed with him about her plan to give him a general anaesthesia, but he asked the anaesthetist if the operation can be done without having a general anaesthetic because he prefers to remain awake. The consultant surgeon also came in and explained the surgery. He was allowed to undertake a local anaesthetic provided that he cooperate well and if the local anaesthetic is unsuccessful, an alternative anaesthetics will be used, that is a general anaesthesia. The surgeon and anaesthetist explained what he will experience with local anaesthetics like a burning sensation in his ears, including possibly a degree of pain. Any anaesthetic may arise complications and that other types of anaesthetic is not sufficient for the surgery and therefore needs to be changed to a general anaesthetic at any time (Box Hill Hosp. Dept. of Anaesthesia, 2001). A written consent was obtained by the surgeon from Mr. B. The Department of Health Guidelines (2007) on Consent states that Informed Consent ensures the patient has full knowledge of the procedure because it is fully explained to the patient by the surgeon. The patient is also given the time to ask any questions he may have and voice any concerns and honest answers must be provided. I was assigned in the ENT theatre for the afternoon session which has three booked cases. The operating department practitioner (ODP) and I did the necessary checks in the anaesthetic room and safely prepared the anaesthetic materials and equipment in preparation of the list (AAGBI 2004). I also checked the safe and correct functionality of the anaesthesia machine and refilled drugs in the anaesthetic cupboards. Shields and Werder (2002) said that adequate preparation of the anaesthetic equipment, resources and patient is essential to the provision of safe anaesthetic care. The team members gathered to initiate a preoperative briefing. During the briefing, the surgeon mentioned about the order of the list. Mr. B will be done last as he is a private case anyway. After finishing the first two cases, the ODP and I went to the waiting area of patients to fetch Mr. B. I introduced myself and checked his identity. Then I checked that all preoperative preparations were done and documented. The consent form was confirmed to him that it was his signature and dated. As the patient was having a Myringotomy and Bilateral Ear Grommets Insertion, the site of his procedure was not marked. For most procedure, this is an important check. The National Patient Safety Alert NPSA (2005) recommend that by marking the site for the operation with an arrow using a permanent marker will assist in reducing the incidents of wrong site surgery being performed. I also checked him for any allergies, presence of any metalwork, prosthetic aids in his body, contact lenses, crowns and dentures and asked if he has any other significant surgery or illness. Then I accompanied him to the operating room and made him lay down comfortably. While conversing with him, I placed on the external non-invasive monitors such as the blood pressure, ECG and pulse oximeter. I tried to maintain a quiet and supportive environment. I sat beside him and continued to communicate with him as he looked anxious. Kumar (2 000) said that patients are apprehensive about what will happen and the anaesthetic practitioner needs to monitor patients anxiety level throughout the surgical procedure. Meanwhile, the circulating nurse initiated the Time Out check which is carried out in every operation to enhance a safe surgery (World Health Organisation Guidelines for Safe Surgery, 2008). The surgeon applied the local anaesthetic drug Ametop gel 4% onto Mr. Bs ears. Woolfson and McCafferty (1993) suggest that it should be instilled into the external ear canal using a soft, intravenous cannula and a 5ml syringe and performed under a microscope to ensure immediate contact of the gel with the entire ear drums and that the ear canal was filled and the depth of the gel provides self occlusion. According to the BNF (2010) Ametop is a topical local anaesthetic in gel form which contains Tetracaine base 40 mgs. believed to act by blocking nerve conduction mainly by inhibiting sodium ion flux across the axon membrane. The ester type caine anaesthetics are rapidly metabolised in blood mainly by plasma pseudocholinesterase. A slight erythema local skin reaction will be usually seen at the site of the application and as a result of the pharamacological action of tetracaine dilating the capillary vessels.This helps in delineating the anaesthetised area as explained by the National Library of Guidelines (2007). Adequate anaesthesia can usually be achieved following 30-60 minutes application time and anaesthesia is maintained for 4 to 6 hours in most patients after a single application. We waited only for about 30 minutes to anaesthetise his ears. While waiting, Mr. B became anxious as he was seen perspiring a lot. Everyone reassured him. The surgeon began cleaning and draping the area. Working with an operating microscope, the surgeon started to suction and made a small incision in his eardrum. Mr. B reacted to the pain but I encouraged him to keep still. The surgeon continued to suction the fluid present in the middle ear but Mr. B kept on moving his head because the pain was more intense. A tiny grommet was to be inserted into his surgical aperture but he refused as he cannot bear the intense pain. The surgeon stopped and asked the patient not to move if he wanted the operation to continue or if he cannot tolerate, he will be put to sleep instead. Mr. B and the whole team proceeded further as consented. The anaesthetist cannulated Mr. B. using a gauge 18 large bore venflon secured with a transparent and semi permeable dressing connected to a litre of Hartmanns solution which has been labelled and checked by the anaesthetist and the ODP as per NHS protocol for intravenous infusion, AfPP (2007). Clarke and Jones (1998) describes that a Hartmanns or sodium lactate or lactated ringers is a crystalloid type of intravenous fluid that will cross a semipermeable membrane, thus allowing movement of electrolytes to correct any imbalance. It contains calcium, chloride and lactate similar in composition to extracellular fluid as a balanced salt solution. The anaesthetist started the induction and an I-gel airway (see appendix C) was inserted. The surgery was resumed and carried out without any problems. Mr. B. was fully recovered and transferred back to the ward without complications. I felt disappointed because the result of this experience was clearly contrary to initial expectations. A minor operation like this can be done under local anaesthetics and is a quick procedure. It could have finished if only the patient cooperated well. Although this experience was frustrating for the patient as he requested to be awake during the procedure, still it went well and the treatment for a possible hearing loss and deterioration was done for him. The duties and responsibilities expected from me as an anaesthetic theatre practitioner were performed according to the policies and procedures of my clinical placement. The whole team cooperated well and performed their job accordingly. I have also found out a controversial issue regarding the Ametop gel which has aroused my doubt. Netdoctor (2004) points out that Ametop is a topical anaesthetic for dermal analgesia which must not to be applied to broken skin, mucous membrane or to the eyes or ears. Tetracaine gel could be ototoxic like other local anaesthetics and should not be introduced to the middle ear or use in procedures which might involve penetration into the middle ear. Therefore, Mr. B. might be at risk for ototoxicity. In addition to that, the local anaesthetic did not fail but it is because the surgeon did not wait longer enough until Mr. B was pain free before starting the surgery. A proper consent was secured earlier from him, thus, saved the time in securing a fresh consent. Moreover, it saved NHS resources akin to if the list was cancelled and rescheduled and along with the unsatisfactory hospital experience of Mr. B. The surgery could have been done quickly and safely under a most and effective local anaesthetic rather than topical and waiting for a clinically acceptable anaesthesia before commencing the surgery. I suggest that next time this event occurs again, I would tell the whole team in the preoperative briefing, to give ample time for the anaesthesia to take effect before we can start the surgery. I would also write an incident report so that a proper evaluation could be done and errors will be omitted in the future for the safety of the patient.

Banquos Purpose in Shakespeares Macbeth Essay -- essays research pap

Banquo's purpose in the play is the quintessential foil of Macbeth, both in acting, as well as in meaning. Shakespeare utilizes Banquo in order to create opposite moods to what is the drive of the play, which is Macbeth and his wife plotting, scheming, and murdering, by offering great solid blocks of integrity, passion, and goodness, that slightly descend into questioning. In contrast to Macbeth's ambitious state, his transformation into an immoral form of such a state, and his acting on such, Shakespeare creates Banquo in order to give the reader a feeling for contrasting points in order to augment, and practically create, the play. When confronted by the Weà ¯rd Sisters for the first time, both Macbeth and Banquo are given prophesies, however, the wiser Banquo is able to qualm his curiosity. Banquo attempts to share his knowledge with Macbeth by explaining ?to win us to our harm, the instruments of darkness tell us truths to betray?s in deepest consequence (I.iii). Banquo immediately questions the prophecies and their potential, wisely tempering his ambition without further ...

James Joyces Araby Essay -- Araby Essays

James Joyce's Araby   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The story â€Å"Araby,† by James Joyce, shows how people often expect more than that which ordinary reality can provide and consequently feel disappointed when they do not receive what they expect. Another fascinating piece of literature is the poetry collection The Black Riders and Other Lines by Stephen Crane. What, if anything, does one have to do with the other? This paper will compare one of Crane’s poems to Joyce’s story. â€Å"Araby† tells the story of a young boy’s disillusionment with life as he experiences his first adult feelings of love for a girl, but is then denied expression of his feelings for her by the adult world. The key theme is frustration, as the boy deals with the limits forced on him by his situation. He has a succession of romantic ideas about a girl and an event to which he attributes magnificent qualities, a common bazaar called â€Å"Araby,† that he will attend on her behalf. On the night when he waits for his uncle to return home so that he can go to the bazaar, the reader witnesses the boy's frustration increasing and building. By the time he finally gets to go to the bazaar, it is more or less over. His fantasies about the bazaar and about buying a special gift for the girl of his dreams are revealed as being ridiculous. The boy’s anticipation of the event, and of pleasing the object of his affections with a gift from the event, provided him with n ice fantasies. However, reality turns out to be much harsher than fantasy. Crane’...

Tragedy In Genesis Essay -- Genesis Tragedies Tragedy Essays

Tragedy In Genesis People tend to view tragedy in cataclysmic and catastrophic terms. Every night on the news we hear murders, assassinations and bombings referred to as Atragedies.@ Tragedy need not be an event which affects the community at large. Rather, any event which teaches an important lesson to a specific person or a group of people can be viewed as a type of tragedy. While the Greek tragedies focused upon the catastrophic nature of tragedy, The Biblical Book of Genesis provides the reader with another tragic paradigm. Genesis describes tragic events which are neither catastrophic nor transforming. In fact, according to the Genesetic paradigm, tragedy need not end in death. Before entering into a detailed discussion of Genesis, we must attempt to define the term tragedy itself. Walter Kaufmann defines tragedy in an almost scientific kind of way. To him, every tragedy must fit into exactly the same mold in precisely the same fashion. He writes: tragedy is (1) a form of a literature that (2) presents a symbolic action as performed by actors and (3) moves into the center immense human suffering (4) in such a way that it brings to our minds our own forgotten and repressed sorrows as well as those of our kin and humanity (5) releasing us with some sense (a) that suffering is universal- not a mere accident in our experience, (b) that courage and endurance in suffering or nobility in despair are admirable- not ridiculous- and usually also ( c) that fates worse than our own can be experienced as exhilarating Kaufmann=s definition precludes seeing the notion of tragedy through a wider lens. His definition is all encompassing and requires many factors in order to be considered a tragedy. To him, very few writings are true tragedies. A tragedy must end in death (Aimmense human suffering@) for it to be included within the canon of tragedy. Seemingly, tragedy could not occur within the mundane as Kaufmann emphasizes that it must be a form of literature and performed by actors. Without suffering, a work of literature cannot be considered tragedy. Kaufmann=s definition was shaped by the works of Sophocles and Euripides. Although there were three primary tragedy writers in antiquity, Kaufmann does not seem to be able to cope with alternative modes of tragedy as expressed by Aeschylus. Instead of accepting the concept of dual definitions or para... ...c thing that could have happened to Jacob. Jacob responds to the news by Atearing his clothing, placing a sack across his loins and mourning for his son many days. All of the siblings attempted to comfort their father, but he would not be comforted. He said: I will go to my grave a mourner.@ It would seem that catastrophic tragedy has befallen the house of Jacob. However, the Aaudience@ is aware of certain factors which are not apparent to Jacob. Jacob really believes that his son is dead. At the same time that Jacob feels immense loss, Joseph is blessed with wealth and power in Egypt. As in all other Genesetic plays, positive experiences stem out of negative actions. The brothers had intended Joseph to be sold into slavery and he rises to become the Viceroy of the land. In fact, the Bible states that: AGod was with Joseph and he became a successful person in the house of the Egyptian.@ Act three opens with the meeting of Joseph and his brothers. They are accused of smuggling goods out of the country and are brought in front of the Viceroy. Since several years had passed and Joseph had matured, they did not recognize him. He asked them if they had any other brothers at home.

Confession found in Prison Essay

Charles Dickens starts his story with a very light atmosphere with him describing a man who was sent abroad to fight for his country and how he was sent home and so he retired from the service. He doesn’t expand on his experiences from the war at all, which maybe could be due to shame or loss of character. His wife and he then withdrew to the estate inherited by his wife which then belonged to him, as this was the done thing in at that time. After such a light hearted opening the atmosphere drops dramatically as he says â€Å"this is the last night I have to live†, this then causes the reader to want to read on with the question in the back of their head, why is that the last night he has to live? In that same paragraph he says â€Å"I was never a brave man, and had always been from my childhood of a secret, distrustful nature† this straight away informs the reader of the nature of this man, but I found this strange that a man who has come out and said that he was never very brave as a child, but years later found himself enrolled into the army. â€Å"I speak of myself as if I had passed from the world†, this indicated to me that he has come to terms with the fact that he is going to die, for whatever reason that may be, which builds increasing tension even this early in the story. The next paragraph explains the abstracted relationship with his brother, but they both found themselves married to two sisters. When I first read â€Å"his wife knew me well, I never struggled with any secret jealousy or gall when she was present but that woman knew it as well as I did. I never raised my eyes at such times but I found hers fixed on me† there are a few interpretation that could be taken from this, either she was really gazing upon him as they were in each other’s presence or that he found his imagination getting the better of him, however we can not be sure as I don’t really trust his judgement as the narrator. I think the tension increases considerably and the atmosphere becomes very heavy when he talks of his relief that his brother’s wife died abroad, â€Å"I was afraid of her; she haunted me† even after her death and this is where I started to question his sanity, he is almost saying that he can feel her eyes on him through her grave. â€Å"When my brother knew that all hope of his own recovery was past, he called my wife to his bed-side, and confided child of four years old, to her protection† I was very curious as to why he called his brother’s wife to his bed-side rather than his brother, maybe he also shared the suspicions that not all was normal with his brother. â€Å"Perhaps I hide the truth from myself, but I do not think that when this began, I meditated to do him any wrong† at this point I believe he is realising that something is wrong with him and I found the tension rising as the reader is then wondering what the man is contemplating to do to the child, he implies that he is thinking of killing the child when he says â€Å"I was under a fascination which made it a kind a business with me to contemplate his slight and fragile figure and think how easily it might be done† it obviously being the killing, but with this statement he felt no remorse for what he was saying, which I found quite abnormal which of course this man is. â€Å"I spent days in shaping with my pocket knife a rough model of a boat, which I finished and dropped in the child’s way† this made me realise that the boat was just a lure to get the child to the lake, which obviously a four year old would be completely oblivious to. He sometimes denies thinking about killing the child but goes to such lengths as to spend days making a boat as a lure for the child and the way that he â€Å"stole down after him, creeping under certain shrubs† almost like if the child sees him he will suspect his actions, this again signals his tendency to become pointlessly paranoid. As I reader I got very tense as the child was preparing to play with his boat in the lake, and the man was preparing to drown the child. As he was just about to push the child he saw his shadow and turned around, this was when he decided not to drown him, but to stab him instead. I think he decided to do this because as the child turned around and saw him â€Å"his mother’s ghost was looking from his eyes† and stabbed the child on the spur of the moment. â€Å"I sat at the bedroom windows all day long and watched the spot where the dreadful secret lay† even though he doesn’t admit this, I believe he was genuinely disgraced by what he had done, even though it was premeditated I think he was haunted by his actions and that he has to stay and watch the spot so as nothing disturbs it. He describes his anguish when a bird landed on the plot of grass he thought the bird would be â€Å"instrumental in the discovery†. After three days of ceaseless watching of the plot of grass, two officers visited about the â€Å"missing† child on the fourth. â€Å"Then I sat down with my chair upon the grave†, I am sure he did this so as long as he was sat upon the grave nothing could be discovered. Later on a pair of bloodhounds came into the garden and started circling around the chair the man sat on the atmosphere gets very heated as everyone is shouting at each other â€Å"In heavens name move! Or you will be torn to pieces† shouted one of the officers, â€Å"let them tear me limb from limb, I’ll never leave this place†, I think this is where the officers were aware of the man’s crime, as he would rather get torn limb from limb by the two bloodhounds than give up his position where his secret lay. â€Å"I am alone in this evil dungeon with my evil spirit, I die tomorrow† I think he is now along the line of thinking that him dying would part him from his evil spirit. I think this is because he knows he deserves to die, just as the child didn’t. Show preview only The above preview is unformatted text This student written piece of work is one of many that can be found in our GCSE Miscellaneous section.

Analysis of Fransisco Goyas “The Third of May”

Francisco Soy's The Third of May 1808 is a responsive painting that was intended to honor those who suffered from the occupation of Napoleons army during the Peninsula War in Spain. This large in x in oil on canvas painting is used to represent the art of Soya, and depict the valor of Spanish revolutionary war. The influences on this piece, as well as its characteristics and influence on later work will be examined. The painting reflects the turmoil during the time period, and contains many aesthetic and emotional qualities that make it relevant in art history; the minting is one of the finest displays of Soy's abilities.Soya who lived from (1746 – 1828) was regarded as one of the most (if not the important Romantic artist. He underwent a major transition in his life that reflected on his work. During his early career he was much more optimistic toward humanity. This optimism is evident in his early artwork that consisted of bright pastel colors (1). In his later work (includi ng the time when The Third of May was being painted) his subject matter became much darker and dejected. This dark subject matter reflectedSoy's physical and mental ailments, his disappointment in the French brutality against the Spanish, and his â€Å"diminished hope for human progress† (3). The story behind The Third of May is one of brutality and malice. After Napoleon invaded Spain, he set his brother in place of the Spanish Monarch. The Spanish people believed the royal family was going to be murdered. In response to these rumors, on May 2, 1808 a rebellion against the French army took place. The French retaliated by rounding up civilians the next day and opening fire (4).After the Spanish regained control in 1814, Soya was motivated to ask the provisional government of Spain to commission The Third of May. He requested to, â€Å"perpetuate by meaner of his brush the most notable and heroic actions of our glorious insurrection against the Tyrant of Europe† (5). Th e painting is in the romantic style. Key characteristics that define this piece as romantic are, â€Å"The sensational current event, loose brushwork, the poses based on reality, the off balance composition, and the dramatic lighting† (6).The fact that it is a raging scene is also characteristic of a painting in the romantic style. Other influences can be noticed in the painting as well. His work is reminiscent of Diego Velasquez because of the rough brush strokes that seem to humanism and revivalist the still figures of the painting (7). There are many characteristics that contribute to the significance of this painting. The placement of the characters is an important feature to notice. The French soldiers are giving the viewer their backs as they fire away in a uniform line.This uniformity portrays the soldiers as intimidating and an organized rower that are in control of the scenario. In contrast the civilians are an unrecognized crown backed up against a hill. This provid es the viewer with a sense of their defenseless and hopeless entrapment. The scale is a grand; prior to romanticism such grandiosity was reserved for religious subject matter. The large scale gave meaning to the murdered Just as religious figures were given importance in previous years. The choice of color and lighting perfectly highlights the heroic, while darkness falls on the wicked.For example the man at the center is in the brightest clothes of allow and white. You can clearly see him as his hands are raised as he faces his death courageously. The emotion of all the civilians is clearly illuminated as death is starring the viewer in the face. The bloodied men on the ground and those who cover their eyes or look away are what personify terror and death. This work so greatly personified martyrdom it influence the work of later artists. Some of the works he influenced were, â€Å"a series by ?dotard Meant, and Pablo Picasso Massacre in Korea and Queering† (8).The later work s that were influenced y him contained a theme of heroism in martyrs, a placement of good facing evil, and numerous other elements. The painting is of great historic significance as well as aesthetic importance. The painting is not merely a historical record but a moment in time in which the viewer can truly feel like they are a part of. Features that make this feeling possible are Soy's placement of the characters, the high contrast between light and dark (or good and evil), and the uncensored death and terror staring at the viewer. This completely defines a hopeless situation.

Conformity Essay

This argument holds completely true for Americans; through matching standard definitions of tatty, and the reliance on and pervasiveness Of technology, Americans reveal their conformist tendencies. Be it plastic surgery, extreme weight loss, or expensive fashion trends, Americans will do almost anything to conform to society's values of beauty. Throughout the years society values of beauty have changed from realistic women to unreasonably thin supermodels, with Marilyn Monroe dollied as the most beautiful woman of the twentieth century, to Candace Swanlike as the most beautiful of the twenty-first century.Arguably one of the most famous celebrities of all time, Monroe stood at 5 Ft 5. Inches and 140 pounds. Swanlike on the other hand, a Victorians Secret Model, stands at 5 Ft 9 inches and 120 pounds. The new idea of beauty is unreachable for the majority of American citizens, yet women across the country still try to achieve the goal of looking tall and tremendously thin. Trends such as the thigh gap have caused teenage girls across the country to starve their selves in order to be skinny, beautiful, and loved.Stress on looking perfect has resulted in eating disorders amongst America's youth, all trying to lose weight to conform to beauty standards. Although America preaches that each and very individual is beautiful, there are advertisements on television and the radio everyday about plastic surgery such as liposuction and how being ‘fat' is embarrassing. Thousands of dollars will be spent on tummy tucks, spray tans, corsets, and even diet pills in order to look skinny; through engaging in this behavior Americans are conforming to the standard idea of beauty rather than appreciating and accepting their own appearances.This ideal of being thin and conforming to it holds power over a great amount of Americans; through conforming they are adding to the strength and impact of beauty tankards. Skinny is the new beautiful for this nation, and women will do wha tever it takes to achieve that. In present times technology has become an enormous part of our lifestyle, if not dominating it completely. Technology has replaced what was once common for people to engage in, such as manually washing clothes and dishes, face-to-face communication, and using candle powered light.People of the United States feel compelled to possess all kinds of technology so as to make their lives more convenient. Having a smartened is now viewed as a necessity, and something that people assume everyone owns. Even in schools those who do not have smartness are somewhat outcasts when a teacher asks the whole class to pull out their phones. Part of the American Dream is materialistic-?owning the finest of things, such as the best technological devices.The conformity of United States citizens since World War II to seek materialistic pursuits has given technology power over the lifestyles of Americans. Nowadays people cannot live without their technological devices, they have become weak and dependent upon technology, consequently giving it all the power over them and the American lifestyle. Without genealogy, people are unable to do the most colloquial of tasks, such as using a dictionary to look up a word, traveling without the luxuries of a car or airplane, and not rely on running water.By conforming to society materialistic goal of acquiring the best technological gadgets, Americans have given technology complete power over their selves and would not be able to function without it. Although some may argue that America is not a society of conformation, George F. Keenan is ultimately and utterly correct. Something as outrageous as unrealistic beauty standards are strictly followed by many of America's tizzies, consequently giving these standards power over how they live their lifestyle.

Language Teaching Essay

Over the past thirty years, technology is playing an important role in various areas of interest such as text, graphics, sound and animation. One of the area in which we are interested, is Language Teaching. Nowadays Computer-assisted Language Learning (CALL) is increasingly becoming popular among all. It has been evolved as a highly successful source of learning in the area of research and practical methodology to enhance the traditional teaching methods. The book Computer-assisted Language Learning (Levy, M. 1997) defines CALL as the series of programs designed specifically to promote language learning. He analyzed the results of a comprehensive CALL Survey, which he carried out among authors of CALL materials in order to determine what kinds of conceptual frameworks lay behind their work. From this, he found that the new approach to Language Learning is Data Driven Learning (DDL). Tim Johns, University of Birmingham, found it. In DDL the learning process is no longer based solely on the teacher’s initiative, his/her choice of topics and materials and the explicit teaching of rules, but on the learner’s own discovery of rules, principles and patterns of usage in the foreign language (Levy 1997:123) The objective of inclusion of Information Technology (IT) in language teaching is to develop an advanced understanding of practical, technical and practical aspects of IT applications in language teaching among students. In addition, students are also exposed to concordancing software, computer-based discussion forums, internet navigation, composition skills and other language learning multimedia activities. IT can be implemented in language teaching by giving the students, online homework, asking them to search the net to have an idea about the topics to be taught in class and by letting them to go for interactive studies via internet rather than spoon- feeding All these methods develop the communication as well as composition skills of the children. Infact, it is the turning point for our education system i. e from subject-oriented to learner-oriented. Proceeding further, we will come to know about potential role of IT in learning and teaching. Also, we will have a detail study of various ITLT program proposed by some key scholars and their research. Our focus will be on the possible ways of using available technology, at the same time we will have a brief overview of future possibilities of ITLT. Role Of Information Technology In Language Teaching and Learning:- Imagine, if you were asked to teach tomorrow’s technology in today’s classroom. How will you manage to give deep knowledge of the concerned topic to the students. This is possible if students are subjected to explore the topic presented from sources spanning the globe which are in the form of text, graphics, audio and video. Students can collect information by directly interacting with experts throughout the world. This is the role played by technology( internet and World Wide Web) in classroom studies. World Wide Web offers real world example of integrated knowledge, possibilities for collaborative working, up-to-date and abundant information. It is a rich source of authentic language and cultural material, appeals to learners with visual or tactile learning styles and builds critical learning skills. It also provides an opportunity for skimming or scanning practice and for online publishing. This type of learning can be achieved by introducing various softwares available in market, having a specific methodology for polishing the communication and other skills of the learners. CALL is a software that includes methodologies like giving multiple choice questions, fill in the blanks and other such types which can be easily corrected by the computer. The performance of student can be judged easily by these kind of worksheets. It plays an important role in developing logical and reasoning skills of the student. However, CALL fails to examine complex exercises i. e it becomes a time consuming task for it. This problem can be solved by Natural Language Processing ( NLP ) tools . It has an additional features such as written texts can be listened with the help of ‘speech synthesizer’, sentences can be analyzed by ‘sentence structure viewer’, verb conjugations can be verified with a ‘conjugation tool’, an error diagnosis system, spell checker, grammar checker etc. Nowadays, ‘language media centers’ have replaced ‘audiotape language labs’. Language media centers are equipped with equipment and computer software audio and video materials printed materials technical support staff and resources assistants training of teaching staff materials development Also, learners can have access to foreign language documents through World Wide Web. They can also contact their teachers, classmates and native speakers via electronic mail (E-mail). Network Based Language Teaching(NBLT) is a kind of CALL in which computers are locally or globally connected. It is widely used in tutorials, drills, simulations, instructional games, tests etc. Through these computer-mediated communication, learners can enhance their communication (hearing, reading, listening ) skills by noticing the language used in messages they compose and read. Hyperproof is a Macintosh software program. It assists in learning the principles of analytical reasoning and proof construction. It combines graphical and sentential information to present a set of logical rules using which student learns to construct proof of problems having consequence or no-cosequence. Hyperproof software checks the validity of each type of proof. CALICO is another software having an application in drill and practice, tutorial, game, simulation, assessment, instructional management etc. It enhances the reasoning and communicating skills of the learner by providing them with the activities like multiple choice questions, fill-in exercises, pronounciation, dialog repetition, listening comprehension, transcription, vocabulary learning, database building etc.

The Effect of legitimacy theory in achieving profitability and Essay

The Effect of legitimacy theory in achieving profitability and sustainability in a corporation - Essay Example Social and environment accounting involves communicating the social and environmental effects of the company’s economic actions related to a particular interest group in a society or to the society at large. But what role does the social environment accounting play in determining the performance of a company both in the short and long run. The theory behind the inception of contemporary issues in the accounting field will also be reviewed with focus given to the legitimacy theory (Suchman, 1995). Theories are a scheme or systems of ideas which account for a group of facts or ideas, accounting theories provide a systematic framework for understanding, investigating and developing various accounting practices. Theories are used for evaluating applicability of the current accounting practices. Legitimacy theory assumes that an entity is affected by and influenced the society in which it operates, among other system oriented theories, the institutional and stakeholders theory, an entity has the primary role of ensuring that it discloses information in the relationship among, groups, organisation, the state and individuals for the coon good of the public. According to Drever and McGowan, (2007), the systematic oriented theories were derived from the political Economy theory. â€Å"Political economy is the social, political and economic framework within which human life takes place† (Gray, Owen & Adams, 1996 p.47). It is obvious that entities exist within a society and economic issues affecting such an entity can not be excluded from the political, institutional and social framework within the society. Legitimacy theory ensures that organisations and entities carry out their activities within the legal bounds and norms of their respective societies. Any given society would not condone an entity within it to carry out illegitimate activities because of the repercussion that such activities may bring upon the society. However, bounds and norms are not sta tic as they keep changing with time, thus it is also necessary that an organisation responses to the changing culture and norms within the society in order to continue operating in it smoothly (O’Donovan, 2002). Latest Research ACCA UK Awards for Sustainability Reporting in 2008 recommended that companies should start accounting for their sustainability impacts from both a financial and non financial perspective. The article point out that accounting for social and environment sustainability is a challenge because most of the components of the social environment aspect are abstract in nature. The Centre for Urban and Regional Studies, in New Castle Australia have designed practical guide fro small community organisations and enterprises due to the growing interest in social accounting . The three main steps that authors relate to social accounting are planning, accounting and reporting and auditing. Milne has recently carried out a critical look at positive accounting theory, political costs and social disclosure analysis. The aim of the research was to illustrate empirical evidence in support of the challenges that meet positive accounting theory of social disclosures. Literature Review Mathews (1995), made an inquiry whether social environment accounting is a practical demonstration of ethical concern. He points out that the accounting profession was among the first professions to uphold integrity in its practices. Recently there have been attempts by educational programmes to move the accounting pr

What steps do you think can be taken to overcome corruption in the Essay

What steps do you think can be taken to overcome corruption in the management of schools and how far do you think these would be effective - Essay Example ake the distinction that while corruption is nowhere near a predominant of a problem in the education sector as it is in other realms of public life, it is impermissible and abhorrent in this sector because of its moral implications of educational enterprise. There are various types of corruptions in schools and steps need to be taken in order to overcome them. This easy will look at various scenarios that can be classified as corruption in the management in schools. It will also discuss the steps that need to be undertaken to overcome corruption and their effectiveness. Public education is education mandate for the children of the general public by the government, whether national, regional or local provided by an institution of civil government, and paid for, in whole or in part, by taxes. These public schools are prone to mismanagement and corruption just like any other government institution. Government may make a public policy decision that it wants to have some financial resources distributed in support of, and it may want to have some control over, the provision of education, which is not public education. Grants-in-aid of private schools, and voucher systems all provide examples of publicly funded education, which is not public education. Conversely, a public school (including ones run by school districts) may rely heavily on non-public funding (such as high fees or private donations) but still be considered public by virtue of public ownership and control. The Board of Governor who gets appointed to the board of governor abuses their powers. For example where the board of governors appoints a principal where they uses him to further their interests. The board of governor dictates the principal on how to run the school and even when it come to procurements in the school, the board dictates where it is to be done. The school boards most often are put together for the sake of formality. Lack of school autonomy, I strongly feel that it is ambiguity that

E-mail as way of communication in business Essay

E-mail as way of communication in business - Essay Example The paper tells that email is a way of transferring digitised information from the source to one or more recipients using a web enabled device. It requires that the two parties have access to the internet to make the exchange complete; its servers receives information from the sender, directs it to the recipient and stores the content to be accessed at will thereafter. With improvements in computer technology, traditional forms of communications shifted from physical print outs for instance, memos to modern digitised forms which include internal email. This is used by businesses and organisations for communicating with its employees. This form of communication has brought with it some challenges which were only realised after corporations realised that there was minimal control over information exchanged among employees and the outside environment. Despite compliance standards set by corporations to guide employees on the right email content to use for internal communications, the nu mber of emails exchanged in a day is so many that internal control mechanisms cannot effectively handle. In 2008, about 103 billion emails were sent in corporate companies the world over. These are some of the problems associated with internal mail. Phones 4u is a large mobile phone retailer based in Britain, since its inception in 1987 by John Caudwell and his brother Brian, the store has grown leaps and bounds to boast of 550 outlets in the United Kingdom. This company operates in a tough business environment and transformed its internal processes over time, to cope with increasing consumer needs. Britain’s communications regulator (Ofcom) found Phones 4u liable of various malpractices ranging from lying to clients about their coverage, and delay in refund processing to those who purchase faulty phones. Due to such damaging allegations, the store did an internal check to determine the root cause of these inefficiencies and address them. Among the resolutions was rejection o f internal email as a communication medium within and outside the company to monitor information flow to protect its brand from lurid accusations that were threatening its existence. Along with other changes effected for instance, provision of insurance packages for Smartphone buyers to reduce costs associated with customer returning damaged phones that are within the warranty period, it performance has rebounded with turnover growing 22% in 2010. Disadvantages of using internal email Liability: Unmonitored use of email can lead to consequences relating to violations of internal corporate rules and government regulations. Companies have internal intelligence and secrets that they may want to be kept private within its boundaries, they however, do not have the capacity to shield employees from knowing the same. Other modes of communication can be monitored to gauge its compliance; however, information contained in email is drafted by the sender, who decides on the context. The copy s ent to the recipient can however be retrieved by investigators at the request of the authorities if it results in a civil lawsuit. The aims of corporate compliance is: to protect employees from unwanted behaviour, protecting company’s assets from misuse due to inefficiencies, minimise corporate risk and streamline operational processes to increase output. This secretive nature of email message exchange makes employees be tempted to use the medium to exchange private, but damaging information to other people for whatever gain. For instance, an employee might leak a product diversification plan by his company, the competitor who requested for the intelligence then wards off competition by introducing his own version of the same, with the same formula, to sabotage the originator (Smith & Mounter, 2008, p. 127)2. The government engages with corporate bodies on a daily basis, these businesses might hide some information from the government especially on matters relating to financi al position. For

Home Health Agency Center Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Home Health Agency Center - Essay Example which help members gain easy access to the information they need. In particular, on clicking Home Health PPS, visitors will gain information on the background of the payment system being implemented by CMS for home health agencies (HHAs). The page also provides general information on the laws and systems currently in place in terms of payment of home health services such as computation of required payments for patients requiring readmission or those visiting HHAs frequently within the 60-day episode. Additionally, the site directs visitors to other sites they can visit for more information on HHAs. There are also downloadable pdf files on regulations currently implemented. Generally, the information the CTMS.gov provides in its website are well explained and useful. They serve as definite guide to home health users as well as relevant agencies. Visitors exploring the site can expect fully comprehensive information on home health programs including history, regulation, duties of providers, etc. By reading from the site, users and service providers alike will gain a good perspective of their rights and duties in connection with home health

Ancient Greek Sculpture and the American Cinema Essay

Ancient Greek Sculpture and the American Cinema - Essay Example Sculptures of the Archaic Greek period are characterized by one form in particular: the standing male nude. The artistic style employed by sculptors during that time was heavily influenced by Egyptian sculpture (Richter 2); one can see immediately the similarities in the execution between Egyptian sculptures deities and statues like the Kouros (600 BC, 3 meters high). These sculptures predominantly portrayed athletic male subjects who were very structured in their appearance. Limbs were in pleasing proportion to the entire body, the bust was dealt with similarly and the entire piece might have served as something of an anatomy lesson. Archaic sculpture would be to Classical sculpture what the drawings of an elementary student are to that of a learned sketch artist. The figures lacked life; the stiff effect of the chisels and stone abrasives of the Archaic Greek sculptor meant that aside from quite accurately depicting the human form, statues like the Aristodikos (500 BC, 1.95 meters) could not inspire the mind of the viewer like the next artistic period (Goette 116). What the Classical Greek period of sculpture brought to the world was a celebration of how the body actually functioned; the Classical period brought movement. American cinema has followed a similar path since its inception in the early 20th century. The first films produced in the United States took one of two actions: recreating historical events or recreating classic literature on screen (Slide 151). The very first American movie was Richard III (1912), a remake of Shakespeare's 16th century classic. Three years later saw the release of The Birth of a Nation, a highly controversial film that depicted the events and atmosphere of a divided nation before and during the American Civil War from the perspective of the Ku Klux Klan and its followers. Like Archaic Greek sculpture, it was not the subject of these early films that was lacking, it was the execution. Actors were reminiscent of the Kouros in their rigidity and although the plot and stories of early American films were often of excellent quality, there were few attempts at subplot or undertone; very little existed in these films and many movies of the following decades that was not superficial (Finn 191). The Classical period of Greek sculpture saw the creation of works like the Youth of Anticythera (340 BC, 1.94 meters), crafted in bronze and succeeding in the portrayal of something that its predecessors had failed in: motion (Lullies et all 87). Instead of creation statues that stood straight and perfectly balanced on straight legs and flat feet with arms straight down both sides, Classical sculptors experimented with the movement of the limbs and the portrayal of the human body in more natural positions. In this way human sculpture became more geared towards the expression of beauty and of an essential aesthetic within each work of art. Curves, muscle definition and even subtle body language could be portrayed in this style where before statues were really no more than human figures carved out of stone. Classical Greek sculptures captured the human spirit within their work. American film changed in much the same way, albeit over a much shorter time period. Instead of merely producing historical

How environment affects architecture Assignment

How environment affects architecture - Assignment Example building, the architect has an obligation of knowing the culture of the individuals that surround them, as well as the environment in which the structure is to be laid. It aids in the successful production of buildings for both the behavioral and mental activities. In addition, if an engineer is designing, for an instant, a bridge or even a machine, he/she makes drawings where every line results into great integration of principles and laws from various mechanical sciences. The machines or the structures are designed in a manner that they bear some level strain or perform a particular function (Gissen, 2009). This is quite similar to architectural work where when an architect is designing a structure or a town each minute detail is reliant on the application of set of laws (mechanical). In addition to these laws, they also integrate set of other science principles whose scopes may not be vividly defined such as those that relate human beings with the environment. These sciences such as the climatology and economics among others are as vital as the mechanical sciences. This is to ensure that the structure constituted by the architect protects the various elements that surfaces or are bound to surface due to the structures to be established (Pastor & Molina, 2007). The machines are usually less or not entirely affected by the environment. Moreover, climate has little impact on the machines. However, humans being constantly interact with the environment by either changing it or being changed by the environment. In turn the environment affects buildings and structures (Bergmann, 2009). For example, the climate or microclimate of a particular area or locality and the structures surrounding the building usually mold that particular building in such a way that the shape and the design of the structure may be influenced by the factors highlighted. There are some effects of climate that can be observed on various forms of architectural works. For an instant, the ration

Research paper 2 Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

2 - Research Paper Example y, I chose these two buildings because the architects who designed these building were revolutionary professionals in American architecture hence their impact on modern architecture. My intention is to compare these two structures to Tikal architecture from a visual interpretation, that is, a visual analysis of these structures. The various architectural styles and patterns employed in early days as well modern days depict a society’s way of life especially religious life. For instance, the tikal architectural design were adjusted in such a way to incorporation nature and worship of God The Wayfarers Chapel was designed by Lloyd Wright and was completed in the year 1951. This architectural structure is located at Rancho Palos Verdes, California. This structure is mostly notable because of its modern unique architectural design and its location at the cliffs of the Pacific Ocean. In fact, it is part of the Swedenborgian Church of America and is used as a memorial to its founder, Emanuel Swedenborg. Lloyd Wright, the architect given credit for this structure began designing it in the late years of the 1940s and construction began in the year 1949 and lasted for several years until the year 1951 when it was completed. In developing this design, Lloyd wanted to create a serene environment where travelling Christians would take a rest and be close to nature and to God. His inspiration came from the Redwood forest in California. He had visited a restaurant within the forest with tree branches bending over the building and he was awed by this scenes. Similar to most of Lloyd Wright’s building the structural incorporates the natural landscape into its design and features magnificent modern designs. The design for this building is a â€Å"tree chapel† set amongst trees, a natural sanctuary. This is a quintessential structure of organic architecture. The architect used glass to allow natural light, natural growth, the adjacent sea and the sky to create the sense of a

Balance lab Report Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Balance - Lab Report Example Record the reading The Centigram Balance, which gives a reading of 2.3 on weighing the copper slug directly, has a sensitivity of 0.1 grams, whereas the Electronic Balance which gives a reading of 2.999 for the same slug has a much higher sensitivity of 0.001g. It is important to use the same slug for both instruments to make sure that any disparity in the readings is due to the instrument being used and not because of a difference in the mass of the copper slug being measured. The Electronic Balance has a higher accuracy. This is further proved by the value obtained for average mass of a copper slug using an Electronic Balance. This value, 2.980, is very close to the reading 2.989 which was obtained when a copper slug was measured on the Electronic Balance using weight difference method. The Electronic Balance, due to its high sensitivity and accuracy is more reliable for measurement of small masses. The Centigram on the other hand has a much lower accuracy and sensitivity and is thus unsuitable for small masses. Weighing by difference is different from weighing directly because it involves taking two readings and then subtracting the two to get a value for the mass that has to be measured. Weighing by difference gives more accurate results because when the readings are subtracted then any zero error due to wrong calibration of the instrument will be removed from the final reading. In case of weighing a mass directly if the instrument contains a zero error it will show up in the reading obtained which will then be inaccurate. Conclusion: This experiment establishes that the use of an Electronic Balance as opposed to a Centigram Balance and the use of weighing by difference technique as opposed to weighing directly produce more accurate

Violence in the office Essay Example for Free

Violence in the office Essay Review This assignment required me to find an article on violence in the office and write a brief overview of the article using the university library. I will discuss different types of violence that lead to office violence. I will then discuss ways in which a company can control the influences that incite office violence. After reviewing a few different articles I have decided on an article from the university library called† Out of the Shadows,† by Dori Meinert. This article talks about 2 different stories that both deal with physical and mental violence. The stories were not actually based in an office setting, but were based in a home setting (Meinert, 2011). Though once the violence in the home setting was bad enough it spilled into the work place and eventually put the other employees in danger. The article also discussed the role human resources played and discusses how important this department is in any company. It goes into how human resources resolve problems such as domestic violence, and how they can be a great resource in these kinds situation. Human resources have the training, skill set, and ability to keep issue private that helps in instances where there is violence in the work place (Meinert, 2011). With avoidance programs, employee training sessions, and employee assistance programs these will help train and coach employees through and also help them avoid issues such as office violence. Forms of Bullying in the Workplace When it comes to offices violence that could result in bullying there are many different types. In an office setting violence might include a group or person against a peer or someone who reports to another. The violence can be continuous or just conduct that is unreasonable. The majority of the documented instances were management or the administration who perpetrated a number of offenses. The major types of violence include: nonverbal, verbal, embarrassment, physical, and psychological abuse. Examples of verbal abuse  would be name-calling which happens more often than not. A simple phrase calling someone out of there name and cursing are the quickest way to verbally abuse someone and not realize it (Meinert, 2011). In the second story told in the article a women who is abused in her home life seeks refuge at work and tells her co-workers. She felt like she needed to tell someone to get assistance, which in some cases can help. It can actually backfire in some cases. Telling someone your personal business can lead to peers discussing your personal business behind your back spreading rumors, criticizing, or gossiping about your business. Ways to avoid violence in the work place Training employees on office like conduct, creating avoidance plan, and having a zero tolerance policy in place are the main methods to control, avoid, and protect employees against violence in the work place. Keeping the workers trained on up to date procedures and processes is very important. Also making sure managers and human resources are trained on effective communication is also very important. An employee has to trust their manager and if not their manager, than human resources to feel comfortable to talk about issues like violence. Making sure the employees understand that there is an open door policy and that any kind of violence in the work place in not acceptable and will not be tolerated. Most importantly there needs to be an immediate response and rapid results to create a secure environment for all employees.

Project on Haleeb Milk Essay Example for Free

Project on Haleeb Milk Essay Dairy Queen Milk is a product of Haleeb Foods. Haleeb Foods is a largest company in Pakistan’s dairy industry. Haleeb Foods is one of the organization competing in the UHT Milk industry. There is a big room for development in dairy industry in Pakistan. UHT milk although costly but people know about the milk importance and its quality. Now, there are many products are available in the market regarding UHT milk but Haleeb found that there is a gap between upper class and lower class, so, Haleeb decided to introduce lower price milk with best quality and UHT treated milk for those whom can not afford high price milk. Dairy Queen is Haleeb another standardized and homogenized pure UHT Milk with 3. 5% fat and 8. 9% solid non fats. At an affordable price it has won the hearts of consumers everywhere. It is available in 6-layered Tetra Pak Fino Packaging, introduced for the first time in Pakistan and has 2 months shelf life. Government of Pakistan is now focusing on dairy industry. RD department of Haleeb Foods is continuous watching the market trend and the development in dairy industry. Strategy of the dairy queen is to provide UHT milk for those whom cannot afford high price milk and capture the share of the market. Dairy queen milk has no competitor in terms of actual condition of the packaging and price. So, we can say that there is no strategic group of dairy queen milk. It is unique product available in the market with its low price positioning. Government polices makes it easy to enter in this market but technology, availability of raw milk, and process makes it difficult for the up coming companies in this industry. Although, middle and lower class is the target market of the dairy queen but its quality and packaging attract the upper class as well. UHT treated milk is dependent on the production of the healthy animals and availability of raw milk. As the competition is concerned, there are many companies in the particular industry and they are competing with each other with price, positioning, packaging and availability. This is time of advertising because when customer knows about your product then he will be welling to purchase that product. Haleeb Foods Limited has hired Red Communication Arts as their new advertising agency which will be handling the following accounts: 1. BEVERAGES: Haleeb Good Day, Haleeb Funday, Tropico, Tropico Nectar, Candia, Candy Up, Haleeb Labban 2. Corporate account. Now, mostly companies are using these tools to promote their products and image as well. Total share of packed milk is 4% and 96% is for loss milk. Turnover of Haleeb is 9. 2 billon. Haleeb Rashmi is also providing profit to the company because this is low cost product and it has its own packaging. It’s daily sale is 11000 litter per day. As market share is concern, Haleeb got 44% last year, Nestle 43%, Good Milk 4. 5% and Norpur 10% last year. So, Competitor of Haleeb is Nestle because there nick to nick competition. Nestle has long rang product line as compare to Haleeb. When we talk about the gaps there is a gap in the implementation gap in strategies. Availability gape and awareness gape is still there and now company is going to eliminate these gapes. As we know that industry growth rate is 25% in the dairy industry. Now, the company’s focus is on the gross profit and company is doing the things to increase the gross profit. The cities which are very important in terms of sale share are Multan, Sahiwal, Fasil Abad, Gujranwala, and Rawalpindi. These cities are providing 60% to 70% sales of Haleeb. There are some problem from the customer side and distributor side. Dairy Queen has fino packaging and its shape is not convenient for the customer. It has three lair packaging so, leakage problem is from the distributor side. Now, the best strategy is penetration in maximum household and increase the awareness of the brand. This will be possible through activities and promotions. Tactical advertising will be best for the promotional activities of the Dairy Queen. ENVIRONMENT OF DAIRY INDUSTRY INTRODUCTION Dairy farming is an agro-based activity, buffaloes and cows can be raised for milk production in an organized manner for commercial purpose. For this project, animals can be purchased from the animal markets or breeders in Sahiwal, Sheikhupura, Faisalabad. More than 70 percent farmers hold less than 5 acres of land. Dairy farming may prove a profitable business for small landholders. They can also grow fodder on their land to feed dairy animals, without disturbing the main crop. Dairy farming is one of the best projects if professionally done on small land holdings. The return of the land used for feeding animals is higher as compared to land used for traditional cropping. The economical size of the herd is 50 animals, which will grow into 180 animals within a few years. Cows are also proposed in the herd, as they are high yields and efficient converters of feed into milk. This herd would consist of 75 percent buffaloes and 25 percent cows. A cow, on average, yields 14 litters milk a day over a lactation period of 305 days whereas the buffalo, on an average, yields 10 litters a day over a lactation period of 280 days. Pakistan is the fifth largest milk producer in the world. Milk production is 28 million tonnes from 125 million heads. Milk is used for drinking, tea, desi ghee, yogurt and butter making. Milk is also used to make Khoya and different types of sweets. Milk processing companies use milk as a raw material to formulate different types of milk for example pasteurized milk, UHT milk, condensed milk, skimmed milk, milk powder, etc. Different value added products like yogurt, ice cream, butter and cheese are also produced from the raw milk. The daily consumption of milk in Lahore is 2 to 3 million litters and that of Karachi is 4 million litters. The demand for processed milk has increased its share in quality conscious consumers. During the last two decades, processed milk has achieved 4 percent share in the milk market of Lahore, which is growing to about 4. 5 percent per annum. Therefore, metropolitan cities are the major markets for the sale of milk. With the every passing day, dairy products are becoming costlier because live stock farming has not scientifically grown with the increase in population and also it did not match with the pace of urbanization. Recently, milk prices in Karachi increased without any reason. In a short time of two years, milk prices have gone up from Rs 20 per liter to Rs 25, showing a 25 percent increase. Moreover, meat prices have also risen to about 25 percent in the last six months. In such a situation, the only way to control prices is to develop the dairy industry on scientific lines, which will not only provide meat and milk in abundant quantities to the domestic consumers but extra quantities can also be exported. In spite of having a large population of livestock, the country is spending some $40 million annually on the import of formula milk only, which is the highest amount spent by any country in the world on this particular commodity. Currently, there are some 160 varieties of infant formula milk available in the markets. â€Å"The milk processing companies have reduced supply of their tetra pack milk products in the domestic market for last couple of weeks in an apparent bid to increase the prices of processed milk on the pretext of short supply. According to market sources, milk-processing companies working in formal sector including Nestle, Haleeb, Dairy Queen, Pakola, Olper, and Good Milk had increased prices of their milk products on September 15, 2005 from Rs34 per litter to Rs35 per kg. Later on, these companies raised processed milk rates on February 6, 2006 from Rs35 to Rs36 per litter in retail market. â€Å"It was the second consecutive upward revision in prices by these companies in a short span of four months,† General Secretary Karachi Retail Grocers’ Group Fareed Qureshi told The News. â€Å"There is no autonomous authority or effective institution in the country to protect rights of consumers and to check frequent and unjustified price hike of different commodities. Neither Monopoly Control Authority (MCA) now renamed as Competition Authority nor local governments took stringent measures against hoarders, adulterators and profiteers to safeguard the interest of consumers,† a consumer said. Some three months back fresh milk sellers increased prices from Rs28 per litters to Rs30 per litter at retail and Rs26 to Rs28 per litter at wholesale level despite repeated warnings by the City District Government Karachi (CDGK), who fixed official rates of fresh milk at Rs26 at wholesale and Rs28 per litter at retail. A market source said in the past whenever these companies increased prices of their products they curtailed their supplies as a first step and then increased prices. Though Pakistan is the fifth largest milk producer in the world producing around 28 billion litres of milk annually, it is still importing milk powder and condensed milk. Out of total production only 5 percent milk is processed on hygienic lines whereas shelf life of the remaining 95 percent un-processed milk is very short and due to unavailability of proper storage facilities most of milk produced goes waste. Government has allocated around Rs230 million for development of dairy industry in fiscal budget 2006-07. The sector has been allowed duty free import of dairy and livestock-related machinery and equipment (not manufactured locally). Moreover dairy sector has been exempted from sales tax besides of withholding tax. In order to reduce the cost of packaging of dairy products, the duty on imports of raw materials and intermediary goods used in the manufacture of packaging material has been reduced to 5 percent. † DAIRY INDUSTRY ISSUES â€Å"LAHORE: Experts and representatives of leading players from private sector addressed various issues pertaining to dairy industry at a seminar on Dairy Farming for Profit here on Monday. The seminar was organized by the Pakistan Dairy Development Company, commonly known as Dairy Pakistan and Pakistan Initiative for Strategy Development and Competitiveness (PISDAC), a project for private sector development in Pakistan, funded by USAID. Speaking on the occasion, Anthony Christiansen, the CEO of Dairy Pakistan, said that Pakistan is the third largest producer of milk in the world with a total production of 32 billion liters of milk a year. This makes its value even higher than the combined value for wheat and cotton. To boost this vital sector, he added, a number of initiatives are underway, including milk collection and chilling projects, Joint Milk Collection Pilot Projects, research and capacity building and many more. He further said, We are also working on safety standards, dairy sector research work and strategy development by evaluating the significance of the sector in terms of contribution to GDP, employment and importance to serve as a vehicle to alleviate poverty especially among the rural population. He informed the audience that these initiatives were being taken in line with the recommendations of a Strategy Working Group (SWG), which was constituted by Federal Minister for Industries, Production and Special Initiatives, Jahangir Khan Tareen, to develop Diary Sector Development Strategy. Faisal Farooq, Chairman Dairy Pakistan, highlighting various milk-marketing options, said that to improve the dairy sector, we are emphasising on close coordination with key stakeholders across the dairy value chain as well as with partners from educational institutions, government and private sector. The Head of Agriculture Wing, Bank of Punjab, Moazzam Maneka briefed the participants on the financing tools and options available for the dairy and agriculture sector. The dairy farming experts and representatives of many leading players from private sectors also spoke on the occasion and discussed at length the issues related to the dairy industry including, milk marketing options and potential for dairy farming on a larger scale. Dr M Ashraf from Nestle Pakistan enlightened the audience on issues relating to animal health, farm layouts and shed designs and other speakers emphasised that dairy farming could be very profitable if full attention was paid to important factors such as employment of skilled farm management, high quality feed and breeding cows with high production capabilities. The seminar ended at a positive note with high hopes for the development and growth of the Pakistan’s dairy sector. † INDUSTRY DEFINITION BROAD DEFINITION When we look into milk industry as a broad definition, this industry operates in a fashion where raw milk is distributed in two main streams. ? Open ? Packaged This open milk is further distributed and transferred to different areas, which include the same area of production, households, urban and rural areas. Packaged milk is further processed through different types of processing techniques to produce different categories of packaged milk that will be categorized and defined in our narrow definition of milk industry. NARROW DEFINITION. Focusing towards our main industry and closing down our definition more narrow, we see that packaged milk being broken down to different categories starting from UHT milk, pasteurized milk, poly-pack milk, bottled milk, etc. Therefore, the industry which we have taken in narrow definition is packed UHT milk. UHT means Ultra Heat Treatment. In this process the milk passes through 140 degree centigrade in 3 seconds and then immediately cooled to 20 degree centigrade in the next 5 seconds, which in turn kills all the bacteria. This is the most sophisticated and advanced process in the world. At Haleeb Foods Limited we use the indirect method of UHT meaning that milk is heated by steam passing through stainless steel pipes outside milk. All other brands in Pakistan use the direct method of heating that is by injecting steam in the milk, this adds water content in the milk, where as indirect heating in fact evaporates water from the milk. PRODUCT COMPONENT MODEL CORE The core product or benefit is milk associating energy and health for all ages of people, men and women. BASIC Basic product is something that is sterilized and pure to use, so we can say that UHT treated milk is a basic form of our core product. As its containing the factor of purity and safe ingredients with preserved milk quality and features. AUGMENTED UHT milk is now coming with different flavors for the kids, then it has also been augmented through different packaging that are being used by different companies, trying to get potential out of UHT milk market. POTENTIAL MARKET UHT treated milk can be given with some extra hygienic ingredients such as nuts and other energetic ingredients to make it more hygienic and healthy to use product. FLOW OF MILK CHANNELS HALEEB FOODS COMPANY PROFILE. Building an excellent reputation over the years, Haleeb Foods continues to be at the forefront of product and packaging innovation. By the grace of God, it has achieved market leadership in several food categories with a very strong portfolio, consisting of leading national and international brands – Haleeb, Candia, Dairy Queen, Tea Max, Skimz, Tropico and Good Day. Apart from its extensive nationwide distribution networks, Haleeb Foods is also serving several export markets including South Korea, Bangladesh, Afghanistan and the Central Asian states. Haleeb Foods has the distinction of being the first company in Pakistan to use Tetra Pak’s novel packaging formats, Tetra Brick Aspetic (TBA) and Tetra Fino Aseptic (TFA). Haleeb Foods has also introduced a number of unique products previously unknown to the Pakistani market, like Haleeb Labban, delicious traditional lassi (buttermilk) prepared with pure thick milk and yogurt, Candia Tea Max, cardamom flavored tea whitener, Candia milk, packed in distinctive food grade plastic bottle, and Haleeb Good Day, 100% pure and natural fruit juice, free of added sugar, artificial flavors and preservatives. All this and more makes Haleeb Foods Pakistan’s number 1 and fastest growing packaged food company. As of fiscal 2005, its annual turnover is Rs. 7. 2 billion. INTERNATIONAL CERTIFICATIONS Haleeb Foods’ products are made with great care, and marked with our quality seal of recognition. We are the only dairy company in Pakistan that undertakes 21 rigorous quality control tests on every portion of the milk collected by our teams. These internationally recognized tests are used to check for: a) adulteration, b) microbiological contamination and c) adequacy of nutritional contents. All processes, from preparation to quality assurance to packaging, are undertaken employing state-of-the-art technology and equipment. Therefore, we take great pride in the fact that Haleeb Foods is the only food company in Pakistan that has the following international certifications of quality and prestige: HACCP (in process controls for safer products) ISO 9002 (better quality for greater customer satisfaction) ISO 14000 (environment-friendly operations) COMPANY’S MISSION STATEMENT. Build Branded food business to improve quality of life by offering tasty, affordable and highly nutritional products to our consumers while maximizing stake holders value COMPANY’S VISON STATEMENT Most Innovative and fastest growing food company offering products enjoyed in every home every day COMPANY’S VALUES ? Enterprise ? Empowerment ? Accountability ? Trust ? Teamwork PRODUCT LINE DAIRY PRODUCTS HALEEB BUTTER Haleeb Butter is the best natural source of Vitamins A D for everyone, and by far the ideal way of starting yet another busy day. It is rich in its taste and revitalizes your energy for a long tiresome day. Shipping Units ? 20g pack: 300 packs/carton ? 50g pack: 120 packs/carton ? 100g pack: 60 packs/carton ? 200g pack: 30 packs/carton ? 1000g pack: 1 pack/carton HALEEB ASLI DESI GHEE Haleeb Asli Desi Ghee is obtained from pure milk through the traditional procedure of heating butter slowly. Haleeb Asli Desi Ghee is free from all artificial ingredients, it has pure and natural taste and is nutritionally preserved. Shipping Units ? 0. 5 kg pouch: 10 packs/carton ? 1 kg pouch: 5 packs/carton? 1 kg tin: 6 tins/carton ? 5 kg tin: 2 tins/carton ? 16 kg tin: 1 tin/carton HALEEB CREAM The premium cream processed hygienically from pure fresh milk, Haleeb Cream is luxuriously rich in its thickness and nutritional value. It promises the richest assortment of tempting toppings, delicious desserts and creamiest coffee with its unique taste, also great for eating with bread etc. Packed in 6-layered Tetra Pack Brick Aseptic packaging. 6 months shelf life. Shipping Units ? 250 ml: 27 packs/shrink-wrapped tray ? 65 ml mini pack: 24 packs/dispenser ? 6 dispensers/carton HALEEB YOGURT. Haleeb Plain Yogurt meets the highest quality standards and gives consumers unmatched quality, freshness and taste with every spoonful. Offered in 450g, 200g and 900g packing, with a freshness seal that keeps the product attributes fresh throughout its life. Shipping Units ? Plain Yogurt 450 gm: 12 Units/Tray ? Plain Yogurt 200 gm: 24 Units/Tray ? Raita 250 gm: 24 Units/Tray HALEEB TEA MAX In tune with the Haleeb Foods tradition of providing consumers high quality and value added products, Haleeb Tea Max is the ideal choice for all tea and coffee lovers. Tea Max is special milk that provides a rich taste in your beverage. It is also available in the unique and delicious cardamom flavor, packed in a 6-layered Tetra Pack Brick Aseptic packaging. Shipping Units ? 200 ml (plain) pack: 27 packs/carton ? 200 ml (cardamom) pack: 27 packs/carton HALEEB CREAM (with honey) Haleeb Cream with Honey is an exclusive treat: delicious thick cream fortified with the goodness of pure honey, making a tempting spread on bread. Enjoy it anytime and exude energy and freshness whole day long. It is packed in a 6-layered Tetra Pak Brick Aseptic packaging. Shipping Units ? 65 ml mini pack: 24 packs/dispenser ? 200 ml: 24 packs/tray. UHT MILK HALEEB MILK Consumers everywhere know that only Haleeb Milk makes the best tea ever because of its thickness. Haleeb is pasteurized, homogenized, and standardized pure UHT milk of the highest standard with 3. 5% fats and 8. 9% solid non fats. It is Haleeb Foods premier brand, and the choice of quality-conscious consumers who only go for the best. Packed in easy to open, 6-layered Tetra Pak Brick Aseptic packaging, it comes with a 3 months shelf life. Shipping Units ? 1000 ml: 12 packs/carton ? 500 ml: 12 packs/shrink-wrapped tray ? 250 ml: 27 packs/shrink-wrapped tray. DAIRY QUEEN Dairy Queen is Haleeb another standardized and homogenized pure UHT Milk with 3. 5% fat and 8. 9% solid non fats. At an affordable price it has won the hearts of consumers everywhere. It is available in 6-layered Tetra Pak Fino Packaging, introduced for the first time in Pakistan and has 2 months shelf life. Shipping Units ? 250 ml: 24 pouches per carton ? 500 ml: 16 pouches per carton ? 1000 ml: 9 pouches per carton CANDIA Candia is Europes Number One selling milk. Haleeb Foods Limited and Candia of France have joined hands to bring you the highest quality milk. Candia is pasteurized, homogenized, standardized, double sterilized milk. This not only ensures the highest quality, but also the best taste ever. For the first time in Pakistan, Haleeb Foods Limited has introduced milk packed in food grade plastic bottles. These bottles are manufactured from imported materials at Haleeb Foods latest plant and guarantee longer shelf life, highest quality and storage with ease of use. Shipping Units ? 250 ml Bottle: 12 bottles/carton ? 1000 ml Bottle: 12 bottles/carton CANDIA CLASSIC Classic times ask for Classic tea, a product by Europe? s No. 1 brand Candia. Its richness and taste is bound to add more life to your cup, and it is an ideal choice for real tea drinkers. Shipping Units ? 1000 ml: 12 bottles per case ? 500 ml: 12 bottles per case CANDIA SKIMZ Candia Skimz is the only completely fat-free milk with the richness of pure milk. Minus fats, it is an ideal choice for weight-watchers and heart patients. It is also high in calcium content, which prevents osteoporosis. Packed in a 6-layered Tetra Pack Brick Aseptic packaging, it comes with a 3 months shelf life. Shipping Units ? 200 ml: 12 packs/carton ? 250 ml: 27 packs/shrink-wrapped tray. SKIMZ Skimz is a fat-free milk powder, naturally low in cholesterol; yet high in proteins and calcium. There are mainly two types of milk powders, full cream and skimmed. SKIMZ is a skimmed milk powder. Full cream powder contains 28% fat, whereas SKIMZ contains less than 1% fat. Moreover, the protein and calcium content is higher in SKIMZ as compared to full cream milk powder. It is best suited for weight conscious people as well as those trying to maintain a low cholesterol level. Shipping Units ? 200 g: 12 skillets/shrink-wrapped tray ? 500 g: 12 skillets/carton CANDY UP. With the backup of Candia, Candy Up has been launched especially for flavored milk drinkers, in chocolate strawberry flavors to the sheer deli ght of children. The fact that it comes in a bottle makes up for convenient usage as well. Shipping Units ? 500 ml: 12 bottles per carton HALEEB GOLD Haleeb Gold The Thickest Milk with Extra Cream. This marvelous product provides all the benefits of the Thickest Milk along with the natural goodness of extra cream. Haleeb Gold with its extra rich creamy taste makes a perfect cup of Tea. It enhances your performance and helps to maintain a healthy, dynamic lifestyle. Shipping Units ? 1000 ml: 12 packs/carton ? 500 ml: 12 packs/tray ? 250 ml: 27 packs/tray HALEEB RESHMI PACK Haleeb Reshmi pack is long life packaged milk and offers consumers premium quality milk at an attractive price. Due to its multi-layered packaging material, Reshmi pack not only retains the natural thickness of milk for a longer time, but also protects the milk from light, heat and bacteria. Shipping Units ? 250ml : 5 liters ? 1000ml: 6 liters JUICES HALEEB FUNDAY Haleeb Funday is a delicious juice drink especially for kids, enriched with calcium, and vitamins A, C D. An exciting treat, packed with health and a great taste, Funday juices will surely be an instant success with kids with their unique and amusing names, Aamonka (mango) and Arrochee (peach and lychee). They are packed in a 6-layered Tetra Pack Brick Aseptic packaging. Shipping Units ? 200ml Pack: 36 Packs /Carton Shrink wrap units ? 200ml Pack: 27 Packs/Carton HALEEB GOOD DAY Haleeb Good Day offers consumers a range of 100% pure juices with the essence of four fruits in each glass, without any added sugar, flavors or preservatives. For consumption absolutely anywhere and anytime, Good Days?six premium juices (apple, pineapple, red grape, mango, orange, and mixed fruit) give you the absolute delight in taste, and revitalizes you at the same time. It is packed in a 6-layered Tetra Pack Brick Aseptic packaging. Shipping Units ? 250 ml Pack: 27 Packs/Cartons ? 1000 ml Pack: 12 Packs/Carton TROPICO JUICE DRINK With the quality assurance of Haleeb Foods, Tropico is the premium juice drink, superior in taste and pulp contents, for that invigorating fruity refreshment. Tropico is available in three flavors: apple, mango, and mix fruit, packed in a 6-layered Tetra Pack Brick Aseptic packaging. Shipping Units ? 1000ml Pack: 12 Packs/Carton ? 250 ml pack: 36 packs/carton ? 250ml Pack: 27 Packs/Cartons HALEEB LABBAN Lassi is an age-old traditional beverage in the South Asian continent. Haleeb Labban aims to give its consumers the same satisfying traditional taste of thick lassi, along with hygiene, convenience and accessibility. Haleeb Labban is the only ready to drink packaged lassi available in Pakistan. It is available in salty and sweetened variants, packed in a 6-layered Tetra Pack Brick Aseptic packaging. Shipping Units ? 250 ml pack: 27 packs/carton? 1000 ml pack: 12 packs/carton TROPICO NECTAR Juices play an important role in the functioning of our body, have many benefits associated with them, and help you achieve the desired healthy way of life. Tropico nectar is another product from the house of Haleeb Foods Limited, which is 100% pure nectar, available in four sumptous flavors including Red Blood Orange Kinoo, Mango, Apple and Kinoo. Haleeb Tropico is also the only brand that is offering Red Blood Ornage Kinoo Juice that is so deliciously different that you will want to have it in your house, all year long. Shipping Units? 250ml : 27 Packs/Carton ? 1 Ltr : 12 Packs/Carton BULK PRODUCTS CDL also produces bulk dairy products. Bulk Products Avaiable ? Instant Full Cream milk powder (IFCMP) ? Full Cream Milk Powder ? Skimmed Milk Powder ? Instant Skimmed Milk Powder (ISMP) ? Cream ? Ghee ? Butter SITUATION ANALYSIS DAIRY QUEEN MILK Dairy queen milk has developed a strong position in terms of UHT treated milk in the industry. Even being a new entrant and serving for just about few years in this industry still Dairy queen milk managed to obtain a strong position along with its other some competitors. The product being offered by all competitors is same (talking with respect to basic ingredient and contents), there is not much difference of offering in the product among the companies. Yet there has been some difference offered through the packaging of the product. As it is always important to have a good marketing plan to get itself into market and to grow in your own strategic group, thus for Dairy queen milk it is important to have a marketing plan that can help it retain its current market and also to help it grow gradually in the industry. Now, Dairy queen milk is become lowest price milk in the market with 6-layered Tetra Pak Fino Packaging. Dairy queen milk covers those consumers whom are not able to purchase the high price milk with best quality, low price, and best milk. MARKET DEMOGRAPHICS AGE As milk is a product that contains health and hygienic features so there is no particular age distinction to be differentiated. So Dairy queen milk is for everyone who loves to be healthy and who cares for the health needs. But still it is used in different age groups with some differences, like children and older people are recommended as a growth ingredient and something that gives a concept of strength and in middle age people it’s used in tea mostly. GENDER UHT treated milk by Dairy queen milk is meant for both the genders with no particular distinction. EDUCATION Being a product involving some technological issues to make it more fresh and hygienic, more educated people are using this product rather than uneducated. Also with the passage of time, we see an improvement in its usage. FINANCIAL BACKGROUND. UHT treated milk is an expensive product in terms of regular milk, so it is more in use of middle and upper class of people. But as it is available at various places , people from different financial backgrounds are using it according to their needs and requirements. FAMILY TRENDS As its being used in middle class mostly, and its penetrating downwards with time and with price issues being adjusted accordingly. But using UHT treated milk is a more of higher or upper level trends in milk industry and has been initiated with upper class. MARKET NEEDS UHT treated milk is something that is homogenized, standardized and is toned at 3. 5% FAT level. So its just maintained at a standard level of milk to give the same quality and diet that originally milk contains. SELECTION UHT treated milk by Dairy queen milk is available in ? liter litter packaging. ACCESSIBILITY Dairy queen milk is available at many stores, and is within reach of customer easily. So, Dairy queen milk has tried its best to provide its customers with the product by making it available within their reach. PEST ANALYSIS POLITICAL Dairy Sector in the Policy Context: â€Å"The planners in Pakistan have always been more concerned about development of the crop sector than dairying in the agriculture economy of the country. After in dependence, the livestock population in Pakistan significantly deteriorated due to good stock was taken away by evacuees, indiscriminate slaughter of animals by incoming refugees, dry cows and buffaloes brought from rural areas by milk dealers for supply of milk in urban areas were slaughtered at the end of lactation period, and increased demand for meat due to growth of population and incomes. Urban areas faced acute shortage of milk and dairy products. The planners faced a policy dilemma of how to increase draught power and milk production simultaneously. Efforts were made to improve stock of cattle by breeding of indigenous animals, but output of improved stocks was inadequate to make a dent on the dwindling supplies of improved cattle and buffaloes in the country. The First Five Year Plan (1955-60) recognizes the importance of improving breeding centers, operating more hospitals, dispensaries and mobile dispensaries to check spread of contagious diseases for animals, in addition to providing for research on increasing supplies of feeds and fodders, and starting pilot schemes for artificial insemination for improvement of cattle [Government of Pakistan (1957)]. The First Plan was very specific in removing gujar (a cast of milkmen) colonies from cities like Lahore to outskirts and in recommending milk supply schemes for Karachi and Lahore on a pilot basis. Under the scheme government was to buy milk from gawalas (milkmen) residing in gujar colonies and supply pasteurized milk in sealed bottles through registered milk depots. To reduce adulteration in milk, the Plan recommended testing of milk for purity. The Plan also suggested that most of the milk would be produced in villages near the cities where small farmers would specialize in dairying by keeping half dozen or more cows, produce their own feed and organize them selves in to cooperatives for assembling, transport and even processing of milk. Soon it became clear that the First Plan, which articulated the problems at hand quite well proved to be too ambitious in their implementation as compared to the Plan target. The question of how to improve milk production capacity remained un-addressed even in the Second Five Year Plan (1960-65), which experien.